![]() This approach, indeed, solves connectivity challenges but with a cost that escalates rapidly with the number of connecting nodes. As of today, the predominant connectivity paradigm is one of "overprovisioning" where connectivity resources are dedicated to point-to-point (P2P) links regardless of their utilisation. These extended Metro and Access network segments have become the new research arena for richer connectivity and lower cost solutions. However, to satisfy the performance objectives set by Industry 4.0, connectivity between end-user terminals and/or processing/storage devices (centralized or distributed) has to be provided over a much wider geographic scale. So far, the primary goal of 5G is to provide 'local' (wireless) connectivity. Introduction With the advent of 5G, connectivity needs are growing relentlessly. We demonstrated end-to-end orchestration of < 10 seconds in all cases. To avoid the cost of overprovisioning in dedicated connectivity schemes, we developed a real-time reconfigurable connectivity platform spanning Metro and Access by utilising the dynamic data-plane of commercial PON technologies and a novel SDN control-plane. Moreover, we have shown that the roll out of these multi-band systems could be planned in phases in order to limit first-day capital expenditure. Nevertheless, it is shown that multi-band systems allow higher operational flexibility that may slow-down the need to deploy additional C-band fibres. ![]() With the aid of this planning tool, we demonstrate the potential of multi-band systems to upgrade network capacity without compromising the connectivity between Core nodes, albeit new physical layer challenges. Taking into account the performance of close to commercialization fibre amplifier devices, we estimated the impact for the most detrimental effects in multi-band transmission like ASE accumulation, FWM and SRS. We considered unrepeatered transmission exploiting fibre amplifiers tailored to each transmission band. ![]() To assess the potential of optical multi-band transmission systems to upgrade a European Operator's network, we have developed a planning tool based on a routing engine that exploits a novel Physical Layer Aware, Routing, Modulation and Spectral Assignment algorithm. To cope with the associated capacity and connectivity challenges, transportation networks may explore the -neglected so far- remaining transmission bands in the second and third low attenuation windows of the optical fibre overcoming the C-band barrier. Telecommunication networks are becoming the central linking institution of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The widespread deployment of such production systems fosters the emergence of a new social entity, the “prosumer.” The subsequent rationalization in the production creates the conditions where overproduction gradually dies out while it shifts the balance from mass consumption to mass customization. The I4.0 production systems give a tremendous boost in productivity as they allow the user of these systems to switch between different activities dynamically, cutting down costs and inefficiencies. The characteristics of these systems are studied separately for the cases of manufacturing and agriculture, showing the interrelation of the transformations in the two sectors. The interconnection of these machines and our ability to operate them remotely turn the stand-alone machines into production systems. The category of general-purpose production machines is presented in detail. Systems in manufacturing and agriculture as a result of the convergence in the I4.0 technologies detailed in Part I. Abstract: The second part of this article focuses on the transformation of the production
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